Abstract: The effects of surface mechanical attrition at different time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of1Cr17Ni7 stainless steel were studied by OM, hardness test and tensile property test. The results show that the microstructure of 1Cr17Ni7 steel without surface mechanical attrition treatment is mainly austenite and martensite, and the microstructure is relatively uniform. With the increase of surface mechanical attrition treatment time, the content of martensite in the structure increases gradually. There are obvious martensitic slip bands in the grains of 1Cr17Ni7 steel for 10 min surface mechanical attrition treatment time. With the increase of surface grinding time, the hardness and tensile strength of 1Cr17Ni7 steel increase gradually, and the elongation decreases gradually. The hardness of 1Cr17Ni7 steel is nearly saturated after surface mechanical attrition treatment for 10 min, and the hardness of its surface and core is 92.7% and 36.6% higher than that of the sample without surface mechanical attrition treatment, respectively.