Abstract: The graphene oxide (GO) was dispersed on the aluminum powders by electrostatic self-assembly method, and graphene aluminum matrix composites were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS).The modified Hummers method was used to prepare negatively charged GO flakes, and aluminum powders were treated by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) to obtain a positive surface charge. Graphene oxide-aluminum powders (GO-Al powders) were obtained by electrostatic self-assembly, and uniform adsorption of graphene oxide on the aluminum powders was realized. Finally, graphene oxide was reduced during SPS process to obtain a graphene aluminum-based composite (Gr-Al), and the rapid sintering SPS process helpe to reduced the formation of harmful carbides. The properties and compositions of Gr-Al were determined by Raman spectroscopy (Raman), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Moreover, the hardness and thermal conductivity of Gr-Al composites were studied.The results show that GO flakes are uniformly adsorbed on the surface of the Al powders, and graphene sheets are uniformly dispersed in the Al matrix. Compared with the samples of pure aluminum, the microhardness and thermal conductivity of Gr-Al (0.2wt%) are significantly improved, the microhardness (45.7 HV) is increased by 41%, and the thermal conductivity(203 W/(m·K)) is increased by 65%.