Abstract: In order to explore the distribution law of the surface energy of the substrate in the electron beam rust removal of the columnar parts, the theoretical analysis and discussion method was used to establish the physical and mathematical model of the electron beam energy distribution for rust removal on the surface of the cylindrical part. The metal processing module in the COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 software was used to explore the relationship between the energy distribution along the gradient direction of the substrate and the action time. The results show that, scanning electron beam rust removal can accurately act on the surface area of the material to be treated; the thermal action process of electronic rust removal is rapid heating; in the heat effect area of electron beam rust removal, the surface temperature field is in dynamic equilibrium.When the rust is removed at 7 m A, the surface of the sample exhibits metallic luster. The surface roughness after derusting treatment is 73.2% lower than the original surface roughness. The abrasion resistance improves.