Abstract: With the evolving demands of modern warfare and emergency rescue operations, the military cutting tools play a critical role in enhancing operational efficiency and increasing the survival probability of soldiers. Firstly, the evolution of tool materials, including cemented carbides, ceramic matrix composite, super-hard materials and metal matrix composites was explored, along with advancements in research aimed at improving hardness, wear resistance, toughness and high-temperature performance of cutting tools. Then, the geometric structure design of the tools was examined, such as multi-edge cutting designs, self-lubricating structures, and adjustable designs, highlighting how these features enhance cutting efficiency and tool longevity. Further, the advancements in manufacturing processes was discussed, including ultra-precision machining, 3D printing, laser sintering, nanofabrication and plasma processing technologies, which have contributed to improving the precision and durability of cutting tools. Lastly, the development trends of intelligent and multifunctional cutting tools while identifying the current challenges and future research directions were addressed. The study underscores that, despite significant progress, challenges remain in areas such as material brittleness, service life, multifunctionality and adaptability to extreme environments, which can be addressed to meet the needs of future battlefields and emergency rescue operations.