Abstract: Magnesium alloys, recognized as the lightest metallic structural material in engineering applications, demonstrate significant application value in aerospace, national defense, biomedical applications, and new energy vehicles due to their exceptional specific strength, remarkable electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and favorable damping capacity. The influence laws of plastic deformation techniques such as forward extrusion, backward extrusion, equal-channel angular pressing and multi-directional forging on the regulation mechanisms of magnesium alloy microstructure were systematically reviewed. The synergistic mechanism among dynamic recrystallization, texture evolution and mechanical properties were analyzed. The precipitation characteristics and evolution rules of the second phase during solution and aging treatments were summarized. Finally,development directions such as optimizing process parameters based on machine learning and developing novel asymmetric processing techniques were proposed. which can provide a theoretical foundation for breaking through technical bottlenecks of magnesium alloys including poor room-temperature formability and significant mechanical anisotropy.