Abstract: In the three-roll screw rolling process, defects frequently occur in the stepped section of shaft components, and large reduction significantly affects the forming quality of shaft components. To investigate the damage mechanisms and determine a suitable hot working window, this study employed high-temperature tensile tests and damage theory to establish a damage evolution model applicable to multiaxial stress states, which was subsequently applied in the simulation analysis of the three-roll screw rolling process. High-temperature tensile tests of GH4169 alloy were conducted using a Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical simulator at temperatures ranging from 950 ℃ to 1100 ℃ and strain rates from 0.01 s^-1 to 10 s^-1. Based on the continuum damage mechanics framework, the Bonora damage model was calibrated. The corresponding damage parameters were determined and implemented into finite element software to simulate the high-temperature tensile process, thereby validating the accuracy of the damage model. On this basis, the damage evolution behavior of GH4169 alloy hollow shafts during the three-roll screw rolling process was further analyzed. The results indicate that the Bonora damage model can effectively characterize the hot deformation damage behavior of GH4169 superalloy. During the single-stand three-roll screw rolling process, the maximum accumulated damage is concentrated along the spiral feeding trajectory of the rolled workpiece. At a reduction rate of 20%, the overall damage value remains below the critical damage threshold of the material, and no microcrack initiation was observed. This study determines the critical reduction limit of GH4169 alloy hollow shaft under single-stand rolling conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for the subsequent design of the three-roll skew rolling process.